Glaciation

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Across:

1. The level on a mountain above which there is ALWAYS snow. Snow which falls below this line will melt in summer.
2. The lake which forms in the hollow at the base of a cirque.
6. Another name for a cirque
7. Elongated oval hills made of Boulder clay. The long axis is parallel to the flow of the original glacier with the steeper end facing towards to flow of the ice. They are a depositional feature.
8. A sharp ridge of rock formed by two cirques meeting back to back. A good example is Striding Edge in the Lake District.
10. As the ice rotated in the cirque it moved down at the back wall and was forced upwards as the glacier began to move out of the cirque. This creates one of these at the edge, due to decreased erosion.
12. Moraine underneath the glacier.
13. The wearing away of rocks by the action of water, ice or wind using moving debris.
14. An erosional feature produced when ice moved over a layer of hard rock. The hard rock protected the softer rocks behind it forming an outcrop with a steep side facing the ice flow and a gentle slope on the down stream side.
16. The crevasse which forms at the back of the glacial ice where it meets the cirque backwall. It is formed as the ice moves down and away from the rock wall.
17. These are scratch marks found on rocks which were eroded by glaciers. When the ice moved over large rocks, the fragments of rock held in the ice were scraped across the surface scratching it.
18. A long and narrow ridge of sand and glacial debris which is raised above the surrounding land. It was once the bed of a stream that flowed beneath a glacier, and was left behind after the ice melted.
19. Material from a terminal moraine washed down stream may be deposited as one of these.
22. Another name for a corrie or cwm.
24. Vast areas of ice which can cover much of a continent. A modern example is Antarctica. During Ice Ages these sheets of ice advanced and covered much of Northern Europe reaching, in the UK, as far south as Bath.
25. The loss of ice from a glacier due to surface melting, evaporation and the calving of icebergs.
26. Shape of a glacial valley.
27. A tributary valley that enters the side of a U shaped glaciated valley. Originally the valley would have joined the main valley in a normal way, its streams or rivers flowing into the main valley at the same level. The main valley was glaciated and made deeper, but the side valleys were left at their original level. When the ice melted they were no longer level with the bottom of the valley due to the deepening which had occurred. They appear to 'hang' on the steep sides of the new valley, their streams flowing into the main valley via waterfalls.

Down:

1. The downstream end of a glacier.
3. Moraine that is held within the glacier.
4. The type of glacier that originates high up a mountain and then flows down a valley. This is the usual type of glacier, also known as an Alpine glacier.
5. Moraine which collects along the front of a glacier.
6. A vertical crack in the glacial ice. It may be formed when a glacier begins to move down a steep slope, when it is forced to make a sharp turn, or when he ice has to move over undulations in the glacier bed.
9. A river spur cut off by glaciation of a former river valley. The spur typically has an abrupt and near vertical end.
11. As the cirques erode backwards and meet each other a very sharp and jagged peak is formed.
15. Glacial moraine consisting of thick clay with angular rocks. The exact composition will depend on the rocks eroded by the glacier. Boulder clay is sometimes called till.
18. Large blocks of rock which were picked up by a glacier then deposited, sometimes hundreds of miles from their source, when the ice melted.
20. An erosional process. Ice freezes to rocks surrounding the glacier. As the glacier moves the rocks are pulled with the ice to which they are attached. This results in the pieces of rock being tugged, or 'plucked' away from the bed and sides of the valley.
21. Moraine which forms along the sides of a glacier.
22. Another name for a cirque or cwm.
23. Another name for Boulder Clay

 

 

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